A high speed Tri-Vision system for automotive applications

Purpose: Cameras are excellent ways of non-invasively monitoring the interior and exterior of vehicles. In particular, high speed stereovision and multivision systems are important for transport applications such as driver eye tracking or collision avoidance. This paper addresses the synchronisation problem which arises when multivision camera systems are used to capture the high speed motion common in such applications. Methods: An experimental, high-speed tri-vision camera system intended for real-time driver eye-blink and saccade measurement was designed, developed, implemented and tested using prototype, ultra-high dynamic range, automotive-grade image sensors specifically developed by E2V (formerly Atmel) Grenoble SA as part of the European FP6 project – sensation (advanced sensor development for attention stress, vigilance and sleep/wakefulness monitoring). Results : The developed system can sustain frame rates of 59.8 Hz at the full stereovision resolution of 1280 × 480 but this can reach 750 Hz when a 10 k pixel Region of Interest (ROI) is used, with a maximum global shutter speed of 1/48000 s and a shutter efficiency of 99.7%. The data can be reliably transmitted uncompressed over standard copper Camera-Link® cables over 5 metres. The synchronisation error between the left and right stereo images is less than 100 ps and this has been verified both electrically and optically. Synchronisation is automatically established at boot-up and maintained during resolution changes. A third camera in the set can be configured independently. The dynamic range of the 10bit sensors exceeds 123 dB with a spectral sensitivity extending well into the infra-red range. Conclusion: The system was subjected to a comprehensive testing protocol, which confirms that the salient requirements for the driver monitoring application are adequately met and in some respects, exceeded. The synchronisation technique presented may also benefit several other automotive stereovision applications including near and far-field obstacle detection and collision avoidance, road condition monitoring and others.Partially funded by the EU FP6 through the IST-507231 SENSATION project.peer-reviewe

Etude in vitro et in planta de l’activité antifongique de différents lipopeptides de Bacillus sp. contre Venturia inaequalis

editorial reviewedLa tavelure du pommier (Venturia inaequalis) est une maladie redoutable, combattue classiquement par des fongicides chimiques dont la substitution par des alternatives plus respectueuses de l’environnement est recherchée. Dans cette étude l’activité antifongique de biofongicides d’origine bactérienne a été évaluée contre une souche de V. inaequalis. Il s’agit de métabolites de type lipopeptides produits par différentes espèces de bactéries appartenant au genre Bacillus sp. Les CI50 des lipopeptides seuls (fengycine, mycosubtiline, iturine A, surfactine, pumilacidine et lichénysine) et de leurs mélanges binaires (fengycine/surfactine ou iturine A ou pumilacidine ou lichénysine) ont été déterminées et comparées à celles du tébuconazole et du tétraconazole (fongicides chimiques). La fengycine, la mycosubtiline, l’iturine A et la surfactine ainsi que les quatre mélanges binaires présentent une activité antifongique significative. La fengycine seule est la plus active (CI50 = 0,024 mg.L-1 [0,016-0,034]) avec un niveau d’activité proche du tébuconazole (CI50 = 0,012 mg.L-1 [0,008-0,017]) et du tétraconazole (CI50 = 0,009 mg.L-1 [0,006-0,013]). Deux mélanges de lipopeptides (fengycine/surfactine et mycosubtiline/surfactine) ont également été testés en vergers et présentent une diminution de 70% de l’incidence de la maladie pour les deux mélanges. Leur utilisation en tant que produit de biocontrôle semble donc prometteuse

A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet’s birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25–7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10–100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4 NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed – using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement – using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL – in line with the stated mission objectives – will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

La question des officiers étrangers en Belgique et ses corollaires envisagés au point de vue de la colonisation 1830-1867.

Thèse de doctorat -- Université catholique de Louvain, 194

Phéochromocytome (à propos d' un cas et revue de la littérature)

CAEN-BU Médecine pharmacie (141182102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rupture du ligament croisé antérieur chez le footballeur (choix du traitement dans le cas d'une rupture du ligament croisé antérieur et conseils du pharmacien à l'officine)

CAEN-BU Médecine pharmacie (141182102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Domaine Experimental Fourrager du Vieux Pin. Systemes herbagers normands

*INRA, Domaine Experimental Fourrager,Le Pin au Haras, 61310 Exmes Diffusion du document : INRA, Domaine Experimental Fourrager,Le Pin au Haras, 61310 ExmesNational audienc

Identification de caractéristiques réduites pour l'évaluation des performances des systèmes solaires combinés

Les Systèmes Solaires Combinés (SSC), qui répondent aux besoins d'Eau Chaude Sanitaire (ECS) et de chauffage d'un bâtiment, peuvent réaliser des économies d'énergie conséquentes. Cependant, leurs performances dépendent énormément de leur conception, de leur installation et surtout de l'environnement énergétique auquel ils sont confrontés (c'est-à-dire les besoins thermiques du bâtiment et les ressources solaire). A ce jour, il est impossible de prédire l'économie d'énergie qu'un SSC permettrait de réaliser. Il n'existe aucun test normatif permettant la caractérisation des performances des SSC, ce qui pénalise le développement de son marché. La méthode SCSPT (Short Cycle System Performance Test) a pour objectif d'évaluer les performances annuelles des SSC à partir d'un test de 12 jours sur banc d'essai thermique semi-virtuel. Sa particularité est de considérer chaque système comme un unique ensemble ce qui permet, contrairement aux méthodes de type composant , de prendre en compte les vraies interactions entre les éléments des SSC lors de leur test. Elle montre de très bons résultats mais ceux-ci sont limités à la prédiction des performances du système pour le seul environnement énergétique adopté lors du test. Ces travaux de recherche proposent une amélioration de la procédure SCSPT en lui ajoutant une étape d'identification d'un modèle générique de SSC à partir de données expérimentales. De cette manière, le modèle identifié pourrait simuler le comportement du SSC testé sur différentes séquences annuelles pour n'importe quel environnement énergétique et ainsi caractériser ses performances (à l'aide de la méthode FSC par exemple). L'architecture proposée pour ce modèle est du type Boite Grise . Elle mêle une partie Boite Blanche composée d'équations physiques caractéristiques de certains éléments du SSC et une partie Boite Noire constituée principalement d'un réseau de neurones artificiels. Une procédure complète est conçue pour entrainer et sélectionner un modèle correspondant aux SSC à partir des données de leur test sur banc d'essai semi-virtuel. Cette approche a été validée numériquement grâce à des simulations de trois modèles détaillés de SSC sous TRNSYS. En comparant leurs résultats annuels avec ceux des modèles Boites Grises entrainés à partir d'une séquence 12 jours, ces derniers sont capables de prédire la consommation en énergie d'appoint de manière très précise pour 27 environnements énergétiques différents. L'application concrète de cette nouvelle procédure a été réalisée expérimentalement sur deux SSC réels. Elle a confirmé que l'approche était pertinente et cohérente. Elle a également permis d'identifier quelques améliorations pour que la méthode soit totalement opérationnelle. Ce travaux offrent une base pour avancer dans l'élaboration d'une méthode complète et fiable de caractérisation des SSC qui pourraient conduire à une nouvelle procédure de normalisation (et d'envisager un étiquetage énergétique des SSC.Solar Combi Systems (SCS) can be very efficient at reducing heat energy bill of a house but their performances depend on the environment they are working in (type of climate and thermal quality of the building). Currently it is impossible to predict how much energy a SCS would save before its installation. There is no standard test to characterize SCS performances and this curbs its market development. The Short Cycle System Performance Test (SCSPT), that is being developed at the French National Institute of Solar Energy (INES, Chambery, France), aims to evaluate SCS annual performance from a test on a semi-virtual test bench. Its special feature is to test the whole system as only one part, unlike component testing which can't consider real interaction between combisystems components. The SCSPT method shows good results but performance prediction is limited to only one environment (i.e. one set of system sizing, type of climate and building thermal quality, corresponding with the test). This work proposes an improvement of the SCSPT procedure by identifying a global SCS model from the test data. In this way, the identified model would be able to simulate the tested SCS behaviour in any environment and thus to characterize its performances. The proposed model to identify is a grey box model, mixing a white box model composed of known physical equations and a black box model, which is an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A complete process is developed to train and select a relevant global SCS model from such a test on semi-virtual test bench. This approach has been validated through numerical simulations of three detailed SCS models. Compared to their annual results, grey box SCS models trained from a twelve days sequence are able to predict energy consumption with a good precision for 27 different environments. Concrete experimentations of this procedure have been applied to two real systems. They have confirmed that the approach is pertinent and revealed some points to improve in order to get it totally operational. This work offers major basis to get ahead with a complete method to characterize SCS that could lead to develop a standardization method from performance evaluation (and eventually complete the European norm EN 15316 for instance) and to plan a combisystems performance labelling.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Oceanic tides from Earth-like to ocean planets

Context. Oceanic tides are a major source of tidal dissipation. They drive the evolution of planetary systems and the rotational dynamics of planets. However, two-dimensional (2D) models commonly used for the Earth cannot be applied to extrasolar telluric planets hosting potentially deep oceans because they ignore the three-dimensional (3D) effects related to the ocean’s vertical structure.Aims. Our goal is to investigate, in a consistant way, the importance of the contribution of internal gravity waves in the oceanic tidal response and to propose a modelling that allows one to treat a wide range of cases from shallow to deep oceans.Methods. A 3D ab initio model is developed to study the dynamics of a global planetary ocean. This model takes into account compressibility, stratification, and sphericity terms, which are usually ignored in 2D approaches. An analytic solution is computed and used to study the dependence of the tidal response on the tidal frequency and on the ocean depth and stratification.Results. In the 2D asymptotic limit, we recover the frequency-resonant behaviour due to surface inertial-gravity waves identified by early studies. As the ocean depth and Brunt–Väisälä frequency increase, the contribution of internal gravity waves grows in importance and the tidal response becomes 3D. In the case of deep oceans, the stable stratification induces resonances that can increase the tidal dissipation rate by several orders of magnitude. It is thus able to significantly affect the evolution time scale of the planetary rotation